Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals

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Synthesis of Alvimopan

WANG Jiahui, ZHAO Chuanmeng, ZHANG Fuli*

2015, 46(08): 799-802. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.001

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(S)-Ethyl 2-benzyl-3-[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl]propanoate hydrochloride (3) was synthesized from 3-[(3R,4R)-3,4-dimethylpiperidin-4-yl]phenol (2) by Michael addition with ethyl 2-benzylacrylate and acidification with HCl gas in a yield of 60% after recycling of mother solution by racemization. Alvimopan was obtained by hydrolysis of 3, amidation with isobutyl 2-aminoacetate and hydrolysis with an overall yield of about 45％(based on 2).

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Synthesis of Cefditoren Pivoxil

DAI Weizhong1, XIE Bin1, FAN Gang2, SHENG Li2, CHEN Gang2

2015, 46(08): 803-805. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.07.002

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The key intermediate 7-ATCA was synthesized by one-pot via silylation, idol substitution, Wittig reaction and deprotection from the staring material 7-ACA. Then cefditoren pivoxil was obtained from 7-ATCA via acylation, salt formation and esterification with an overall yield of 35％. The structures of 7-ATCA and cefditoren pivoxil were confirmed by 1H NMR and MS. In comparison of reported procedure, the improved route has the advantages of low cost, simple operation, short steps, and it was suitable for industrial production.

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Synthesis of Loxoprofen Sodium

WU Ronggui, LI Dajun, WANG Chunling

2015, 46(08): 806-808. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.003

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2-(4-Bromomethylphenyl)propionic acid(5), the key intermediate of loxoprofen sodium, was synthesized from phenylacetonitrile by methylation, hydrolysis and bromomethylation with an overall yield of 53.2％. The bromomethylation had not been found in literature. Loxoprofen sodium was obtained from 5 by esterification, condensation, hydrolyzation, and salt formation with an overall yield of 40％(based on phenylacetonitrile) and a purity of 99.8％. This process had the advantages of easily available starting materials, simple procedures, relatively steady yield, and was suitable for scale-up production.

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Racemization of the By-product in Synthesis of Diltiazem

WU Fengshou, HU Yue, SONG Shuaihua, WANG Kai*

2015, 46(08): 809-811. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.004

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The r a c emi z a t ion of me thyl L- c i s -2-hydroxy-3-(4-me thoxylphenyl)-3-(2- aminophenylthio)propionate, the intermediate resolution by-product of diltiazem was accomplished by cyclization, oxidation, reduction and ring-opening reaction with an overall yield of 78％. During the oxidation step, IBX was used as a green and selective oxidant, and the reduced product IBA can be chemically regenerated.

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Synthesis of Salidroside

GUO Jianfeng, FU Yigang, WANG Menghua, Lü Jinliang, ZHANG Guolong

2015, 46(08): 812-814. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.005

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Salidroside was synthesized from glucose via isobutyl acylation and trifluoroacetylation to give 1-trifluoroacetyl-2,3,4,6-O-tetraisobutyrylglucose (5) which was subjected to glycosylation with 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl benzoate to obtain 1-[2-[4-(benzoyloxy)phenethoxy]ethyl]-2,3,4,6-O-tetraisobutyryl-β-Dglucopyranoside
(7), followed by deprotection under basic conditions with an overall yield of 55％ and purity of 99.5％. Compounds 5 and 7 had not been reported in the literature.

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Synthesis of 2-Hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoethoxy)pyridine

CHENG Jiebing1, HONG Jiachun1, ZHAO Jun1, CHEN Yingqi1,2, ZHANG Lingling1,2*

2015, 46(08): 815-816. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.006

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2-Hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoethoxy)pyridine was synthesized from 2,3-dimethyl- 4-nitropyridine-1-oxide via nucleophilic substitution with potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide as mixed alkali, trifluoroethanol as solvent and reagent to give 2,3-dimethyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridine-1-oxide, which was subjected to rearrangement in the presence of acetic anhydride to obtain crude 3-methyl-2-acetoxymethyl-4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)pyridine, followed by purification and transesterification with an overall yield of 71％. The improved process had the advantages of simple operation and suitable for industrialized production.

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Enzymatic Synthesis of Cefaclor by α-Amino Acid Ester Hydrolase

PAN Yue1, WANG Jiamin2, LI Duanhua1*, WANG Lu1, YI Baxian3

2015, 46(08): 817-822. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.007

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The synthesis of cefaclor by self-made α-amino acid ester hydrolase was carried out. The effect of reaction conditions including pH, temperature, enzyme concentration, ratio of 7-ACCA/D-PGM·HCl, organic solvent and feeding of side chain was studied. The optimum conditions were pH 6.1, temperature 15 ℃, concentration of 7-ACCA 100 mmol/L, 7-ACCA/D-PGM·HCl 1∶1.3, 25％ ethanol-water and continuously adding side chain. Under these conditions, the conversion of cefaclor was over 80％. The study supplied experiment data to the further development of enzymatic synthesis of cefaclor.

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Strain Screening and Fermentation Production of L-Fucose by Enterobacter sp.

HUANG Yilan, WANG Yan, CHEN Shaoxin*

2015, 46(08): 823-826. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.008

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The starting strain Enterobacter sp. SIPI-10 was mutated with UV and NTG for the production of L-fucose. A high-yield mutant strain SIPI-N79 was obtained and the yield of L-fucose was 1 276 mg/L. By optimizing fermentation medium, SIPI-N79 produced 1 582 mg/L L-fucose in shaking flask contained (g/L) glycerol 30.0, peptone LP0042 5.0, CaCO3 5.0. Furthermore, a fed-batch culture in a 5 L fermentor was conducted. The yield of L-fucose reached to 4 553 mg/L with feeding 150 g of glucose, which showed a significant increase in yield compared with that in shaking flask culture.

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Fermentation Optimization of Huperzine A Produced by Endophytic Fungi Hypoxylon investiens NX9 from Phlegmariurus phlegmaria

ZHANG Fangfang1, WANG Mingzi2, LIU Haiyuan3, ZHENG Yaxuan1, WU Shuisheng1*

2015, 46(08): 827-832. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.009

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A Single factor and an uniform design were conducted for the optimization of fermentation condition and culture medium for Hypoxylon investiens NX9, an endophytic fungus isolated from Phlegmariurus phlegmaria, to increase its productivity of huperzine A. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: inoculum age of 60 h and inoculum size of 8％. The compositions of optimum culture medium (g/L) were as follows: potato 200, sodium pyruvate 1, sodium acetate 0.2, D-mannitol 50, glucose 50, magnesium sulfate 0.5, ammonium sulfate 10, sodium nitrate 5, vitamin B6 0.1; pH 6.4. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of huperzine A reached to 16.93 μg/L, which increased to 14 times compared with the basal culture medium. After applying the optimum medium as the seed liquid medium, the content of huperzine A in the fermentation broth was up to 27.48 μg/L.

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Determination of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy Stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in Radix Polygoni Multiflori by NIRS

JIA Canchao, LU Huijuan, HUANG Liufang, CHEN Manying, JI Shengguo*

2015, 46(08): 833-836. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.010

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A near infared spectrometry (NIRS) method was established for the determination of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside(1) in Radix Polygoni Multiflori. The samples were determined by HPLC and the calibration model was established with TQ8.0 analyst and chemometric methods. The correlation
coefficients (R2), the root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC), the root-mean-square error of predication (RMSEP) and the root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of the calibration model were 0.996 65, 0.068 8, 0.074 9 and 0.093 67, respectively. The NIRS method was accurate and fast for the content determination of 1 in Radix Polygoni Multiflori.

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Influences of β-Cyclodextrin and Its Derivatives on Solubility and Dissolution of Azithromycin

ZHAO Meirong, YANG Hua*, WANG Lisheng

2015, 46(08): 837-842. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.011

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In order to improve the solubility and dissolution of azithromycin (1), the inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) or its derivatives (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin and 2,6-dimethyl- β-cyclodextrin) were prepared by saturated solution method, respectively. The inclusion process was optimized by orthogonal design. Moreover, the formation of inclusion complexes was verified by measuring melting point, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inclusion rate, solubility and dissolution of four kinds of optimal inclusion complexes were investigated, respectively. The results showed that solubility and dissolution of four kinds of inclusion complexes were all significantly higher than those of bulk drug and the physical mixtures, but inclusion rates of these inclusion complexes were rather low (in the range of 55.6％ - 60.5％). Among these inclusion complexes, 2,6-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin had the most significant impact on improving solubility and dissolution of 1. The solubility of inclusion complexes with 2,6-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin were 1 016.5 μg/ml, which was 29.7 times higher than that of the bulk drug (34.2 μg/ml); the dissolution at 180 min in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer was about 90％.

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Preparation and in vitro/in vivo Evaluation of Asenapine Maleate Sublingual Films

CHEN Fang, YANG Liuliu, ZHOU Zhen, WANG Bing, DING Cungang

2015, 46(08): 843-849. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.012

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Asenapine maleate solid dispersions contained polyvidone (PVP) K30 as carrier were prepared to increase the solubility and the dissolution rate of the drug. The sublingual films loaded with asenapine maleate solid dispersions with drug-carrier ratio of 1∶1.5 were prepared by adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and other ingredients, which formulation could rapidly dissolve when placed under the tongue. The types and amounts of HPMC were optimized with the tensile property and the dissolving time as the evaluation parameters. The dissolution behaviors of the optimal sublingual films in different pH media were investigated. With Saphris® sublingual tablets as the reference preparation, the dissolution in water and pharmacokinetics in Beagle dogs of the self-made sublingual films were compared. The results showed that the dissolution of asenapine from the self-made sublingual films was above 80％ within 2 min and the drug was completely released in 3 - 5 min. The results of pharmacokinetics indicated that both formulations exhibited similar pharmacokinetic characteristics and the relative bioavailability of the self-made sublingual films was (106.5±15.2)％.

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Preparation and Characterization of in situ Hydrogel Loaded with Amphotericin B Conjugate

CAO Ying, QIU Lipeng, CHEN Jinghua*

2015, 46(08): 850-855. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.013

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The adipic dihydrazide modified hyaluronic acid, oxidized dextran and its conjugate with amphotericin B were prepared and characterized, respectively. The in situ hydrogel loaded with the conjugate was obtained by a spontaneous cross-linked reaction after mixing the above three materials. The observation of scanning electron microscopy showed that the hydrogel had porous interior structure with the pore size of 50 - 150 μm. The rheological analysis indicated that cross-linked network structure of the hydrogel was formed well and the elasticity of the hydrogel was favorable. The cumulative amounts at 3 h and 126 h of amphotericin B from the hydrogel were 33％ and 58％ in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Compared with the hydrogel loaded with amphotericin B, the inhibition zone of the hydrogel loaded with the conjugate was large, and the inhibitory effect against Candida albicans could maintain for at least three days.

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Preparation and Efficacy Evaluation of Metronidazole, Clotrimazole and Chlorhexidine Acetate Vaginal Cream

ZHAO Hongli, ZHAO Hongyan, ZHAO Wenming*

2015, 46(08): 856-859. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.014

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The amounts of Tween-80, octadecanol, glycerol monostearate and octadecoic acid in the formulation of metronidazole, clotrimazole and chlorhexidine acetate vaginal cream were optimized by orthogonal design with appearance, centrifugal stability and heat- and cold-resistant as indicators. The o/w type cream was obtained by mixing the aqueous phase containing metronidazole and chlorhexidine acetate and the oil phase containing clotrimazole at 65 ℃. The optimal cream had good appearance, centrifugal stability as well as heat- and cold-resistant. Efficacy of the cream in a rat vaginitis model by Candida albicans was evaluated with the commercial metronidazole, clotrimazole and chlorhexidine acetate suppository as the positive control. The results showed that the number of colonies in vaginal secretion of the rats treated with the cream at high-, medium- and low-dosage (98, 55 and 30 mg/kg) or the suppository at dosage of 98 mg/kg for 7 days were significantly decreased (P<0.05), compared with the model group.

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Adsorption and Release Kinetics of Vitamin C, Theophylline and Bovine Serum Albumin from Microporous Starch

HOU Xiaoping1,2, ZHAO Juan2, HOU Xiaoli3, LI Shuaihua2, BIAN Liujiao2*

2015, 46(08): 860-865. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.015

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Microporous starch with mean pore size of 1.2 μm was prepared from the commercial potato starch, and another kind of microporous starch was obtained by adding 0.015％ xanthan gum into the above product. The adsorption and release kinetics of vitamin C, theophylline and bovine serum albumin (BSA) from these three kinds of starch were compared. The results showed that three model drugs were all adsorbed onto three kinds of starch through physical adsorption with hydrogen bonding as a major force. The adsorption behaviors of three drugs fit quite well with the Quasi secondary adsorption dynamics model. With regard to the drug-loaded microporous starch particles, the drug release data form the particles in simulated gastric fluid fit well to the first-order and Peppas equations, while the release data in artificial intestinal fluid fit well to Higuchi and Peppas equations. The release of three drugs were all controlled by a combination effect of diffusion and erosion. Moreover, the performance of the microporous starch adding 0.015％ xanthan gum was superior to microporous starch alone in adsorption and controlled-release.

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Determination of Bendamustine and Its Active Metabolite γ-Hydroxy Bendamustine in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS

GUAN Dengfeng1,2, MA Zhiyu1, ZHONG Dafang1, WU Yulin2, CHEN Xiaoyan1*

2015, 46(08): 866-870. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.016

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An LC-MS/MS method was established for the determination of bendamustine (1) and its active metabolite γ-hydroxy bendamustine (2) in human plasma, and the effect of the isomers of 2 on the determination was also investigated. A Synergi Hydro-RP column was used, with the mobile phase of methanol ∶5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (containing 0.1％ formic acid)(54∶46) by gradient flow programming. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied in the positive mode for mass spectrometric detection. In metabolic profiles of 1 in human plasma, four hydroxylated metabolites (m/z 374.1) were observed, in which the total peak area of the three isomers was no more than 1％ of that of 2. It was linear for 1 and 2 in the ranges of 3 - 8 000 ng/ml and 1.5 - 1 000 ng/ml, respectively. Their intra- and inter-day RSDs were within 6.0％ and 8.0％, and their accuracies were 96.2％ - 106.0％ and 98.6％ - 103.0％,
respectively.

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Comparison of in vivo Distribution of Tobramycin after Inhalation and Intravenous Injection in Rats

SUN Jie, SHI Jinmin, WENG Linlin, CHEN Guiliang, TANG Liming*

2015, 46(08): 871-874. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.017

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The differences of tissue distribution and systematic toxicity in rats were compared between inhalation and intravenous injection of tobramycin(1) for 7 days. Its concentrations in main organs were determined by LC-MS/MS, and then the histopathological examination of sections from heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney was conducted. The results showed that the drug proportion in lung was the highest (64.33％) in inhalation group, followed by kidney (31.04％). While in injection group, the drug proportion in kidney was the highest (84.38％), followed by liver (12.82％). The results of histopathological examination showed there were no abnormalities in all examined organs in inhalation group, but some pathological changes occurred in kidney and liver in injection group, such as cellular necrosis and inflammatory infiltration, etc. In conclusion, inhaled administration of 1 resulted in a higher drug dose in lung compared to intravenous administration, as well as a significant reduced drug distribution in other organs and a reduced systemic toxicity.

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Determination of Citalopram in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS and Its Pharmacokinetics

ZHAO Ningmin, DUAN Hongfei, MA Ailing, ZHAO Hongwei, QIN Yuhua*

2015, 46(08): 875-878. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.018

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A UPLC-MS/MS method was established for the determination of citalopram in human plasma, and its pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects were also investigated. A Venusil MP C18 column was used, with the mobile phase of 0.05％ formic acid∶acetonitrile (30∶70). An electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer was applied in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with the transitions of m/z 325.22→m/z 109.25 (citalopram) and
m/z 265.23→m/z 167.37 (diphenhydramine hydrochloride, internal standard). It was linear for citalopram in the range of 0.55 - 137.04 ng/ml. The intra- and inter-day RSDs were less than 10％. The extraction recoveries of citalopram at low, medium and high concentrations in human plasma were (89.6±2.1)％, (72.4±0.6)％ and (86.3±2.5)％, respectively. The relative recoveries were (92.6±7.0)％, (100.7±7.3)％ and (106.4±4.4)％, respectively.

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Compatibility of PVC Infusion Sets with Twenty Injectable Drugs

XU Cuiling1, JIA Mingjing1, CUI Yuqi2, WEI Lan1, SUN Lixin1,2*

2015, 46(08): 879-885. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.019

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The compatibilities of PVC infusion sets with twenty kinds of injections were investigated, with polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) infusion sets as the control group. Twenty kinds of injections were prepared separately as per actual concentration needed by the clinic according to the instructions, and then flowed through PVC and TPE infusion sets. The drug concentrations both before and after passing through the transfusion system were determined by HPLC or UV, and it was compared with that at 0 h. An HPLC method was used to determine the contents of DEHP leaching from PVC infusion sets. The results showed that there was serious absorbability for PVC infusion sets to nimodipine and carmustine, and obvious absorbability to isosorbide mononitrate, hydrocortisone, amiodarone hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride and fluorouracil when passing through PVC infusion sets. Peaks of unknown compounds were observed in the chromatography of nitraglycerin and isosorbide esters. DEHP was detected in the injection of amiodarone hydrochloride after flowing through PVC infusion sets.

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Determination of Two Components and Their Related Substances in Pediatric Benorilate and Vitamin B1 Granules by HPLC

Lü Xia1, HU Mingtong2, YU Xu3

2015, 46(08): 886-888. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.020

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An HPLC method was established for the determination of benorilate and vitamin B1, and their related substances, paracetamol, asprin and salicylic acid, in pediatric benorilate and vitamin B1 granules. A Kromasil ODS-1 column was used with the mobile phase of methanol∶0.2 mol/L acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer(pH 4.8)by gradient elution, at the detection wavelength of 245 nm. It was linear for benorilate and vitamin B1 in the concentration ranges of 0.2 - 2.0 mg/ml and 10 - 100 μg/ml. Their average recoveries were 100.2％ and 99.6％, with RSDs of 0.62％ and 1.27％, respectively. The LLODs of paracetamol, aspirin and salicylic acid were 0.026, 0.048 and 0.048 μg/ml, respectively.

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Determination of Amygdalin, Liquiritin and Glycyrrhizic Acid of Chuanbei Qingfei Syrup by UPLC with Double-wavelength

CHEN Jianqin

2015, 46(08): 889-891. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.021

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A UPLC method was established for the determination of amygdalin, liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid of Chuanbei Qingfei syrup. An Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column was used, with the mobile phase of acetonitrile∶0.1％ phosphoric acid by gradient elution and double-wavelength switching detection. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm during 0 - 7 min for the determination of amygdalin and liquiritin, and then changed to 250 nm for the determination of glycyrrhizic acid during 8 - 14 min . It was linear for amygdalin, liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid in the ranges of 0.9 - 8.3, 0.2 - 1.7 and 0.4 - 3.4 μg/ml, respectively. Their average recoveries were 100.7％, 100.8％ and 99.5％, with RSDs of 0.42％, 0.56％ and 0.71％, respectively.

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Rapid Separation and Determination of Nine Sulfonamides in Feed by HPLC

CHEN Jizhi, YAN Chao

2015, 46(08): 892-894. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.022

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An HPLC method was established for the separation and determination of nine sulfonamides in feed with a new type of core-shell column. A Halo C18 column was used with the mobile phase of 0.1％ acetic acid aqueous solution∶0.1％ acetic acid in mixture of methanol and acetonitrile by gradient elution at the wavelength of 270 nm. Nine sulfonamides were separated within 10 minutes. Their calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.1 - 5 μg/ml. Their
average recoveries were over 80％, with RSDs less than 15％. The LLOQs were 0.1 μg/ml.

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Determination of Diester Alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. by ELISA

HUANG Lei, XU Yu, YUAN Shuai, XU Yunhui, HUA Moli*

2015, 46(08): 895-897. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.023

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Based on the anti-aconitine polyclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was established for the determination of the diester alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. and compared with HPLC method. The results showed that working range of ELISA extended from 0.025 to 25 μg/ml, with the limit of detection and quantification of 250 and 550 pg. In comparison with the HPLC method recorded in current Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the results of ELISA were basically in accordance with that of HPLC. However, the sensitivity of ELISA was increased to 400 times. In conclusion, ELISA was suitable for trace analysis of the diester alkaloids in traditional Chinese medicine.

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Progress of Applications of Copovidone to Pharmaceutical Preparations

JIANG Wenya, LIU Yi

2015, 46(08): 898-903. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.024

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Copovidone, a pharmaceutical excipient, has been increasingly widely used in modern pharmaceutical preparations. It can be used as a binder in granulation or tabletting process, or a carrier for solid dispersions and osmotic pump preparations, or a hydrophilic functional additive in films to improve stability of the product or solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. This paper introduces the characteristics of copovidone and reviews the developments and
applications in recent years.

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Progress of Polymeric Micelles for Targeted Delivery of Antineoplastic Drugs

DING Yuanyuan, TIAN Baocheng, HAN Jingtian*

2015, 46(08): 904-908. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.025

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Amphiphilic block copolymer can self-assemble in aqueous solution to form polymeric micelles. Polymeric micelles can deliver antineoplastic drugs to tumor site by passive targeting mechanism because of their physicochemical properties. Polymeric micelles with active targeting function can be obtained by surface modifying with targeting ligands or preparing with environmental stimuli-responsive materials. They are more favorable for delivering drugs to tumor site and improving therapeutic effect. In addition, multifunctional micelles are one of the research directions in recent years. This paper reviews the progress of polymeric micelles with active targeting function as antineoplastic drug carrier.

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Some Advices for the Impurity Control Based on the Generic Drug Product Development Formats of FDA for Raw Material and Drug Product: How to Develop Impurity Standards Objectively?

XIE Mufeng

2015, 46(08): 909-914. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.026

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Medical Insurance Drugs Payment Price Adjustment in Japan and the Inspiration to China

CHANG Feng, CUI Penglei*, XIA Qiang, LUO Xiuying, ZHANG Jianyun

2015, 46(08): 915-920. https://doi.org/10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2015.08.027

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